email: 示例¶
以下是一些如何使用 email 包来读取、写入和发送简单电子邮件以及更复杂的MIME邮件的示例。
首先，让我们看看如何创建和发送简单的文本消息（文本内容和地址都可能包含unicode字符）：
# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.message import EmailMessage
# Open the plain text file whose name is in textfile for reading.
with open(textfile) as fp:
# Create a text/plain message
msg = EmailMessage()
msg.set_content(fp.read())
# me == the sender's email address
# you == the recipient's email address
msg['Subject'] = f'The contents of {textfile}'
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you
# Send the message via our own SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
s.send_message(msg)
s.quit()
解析 RFC 822 标题可以通过使用 parser 模块中的类来轻松完成：
# Import the email modules we'll need
#from email.parser import BytesParser
from email.parser import Parser
from email.policy import default
# If the e-mail headers are in a file, uncomment these two lines:
# with open(messagefile, 'rb') as fp:
# headers = BytesParser(policy=default).parse(fp)
# Or for parsing headers in a string (this is an uncommon operation), use:
headers = Parser(policy=default).parsestr(
'From: Foo Bar <user@example.com>\n'
'To: <someone_else@example.com>\n'
'Subject: Test message\n'
'\n'
'Body would go here\n')
# Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary:
print('To: {}'.format(headers['to']))
print('From: {}'.format(headers['from']))
print('Subject: {}'.format(headers['subject']))
# You can also access the parts of the addresses:
print('Recipient username: {}'.format(headers['to'].addresses[0].username))
print('Sender name: {}'.format(headers['from'].addresses[0].display_name))
以下是如何发送包含可能在目录中的一系列家庭照片的MIME消息示例：
# Import smtplib for the actual sending function.
import smtplib
# Here are the email package modules we'll need.
from email.message import EmailMessage
# Create the container email message.
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
# me == the sender's email address
# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = ', '.join(family)
msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'
# Open the files in binary mode. You can also omit the subtype
# if you want MIMEImage to guess it.
for file in pngfiles:
with open(file, 'rb') as fp:
img_data = fp.read()
msg.add_attachment(img_data, maintype='image',
subtype='png')
# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
以下是如何将目录的全部内容作为电子邮件消息发送的示例： [1]
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message."""
import os
import smtplib
# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
import mimetypes
from argparse import ArgumentParser
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.policy import SMTP
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.
Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local
SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process. Your local machine
must be running an SMTP server.
""")
parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory',
help="""Mail the contents of the specified directory,
otherwise use the current directory. Only the regular
files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to
subdirectories.""")
parser.add_argument('-o', '--output',
metavar='FILE',
help="""Print the composed message to FILE instead of
sending the message to the SMTP server.""")
parser.add_argument('-s', '--sender', required=True,
help='The value of the From: header (required)')
parser.add_argument('-r', '--recipient', required=True,
action='append', metavar='RECIPIENT',
default=[], dest='recipients',
help='A To: header value (at least one required)')
args = parser.parse_args()
directory = args.directory
if not directory:
directory = '.'
# Create the message
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = f'Contents of directory {os.path.abspath(directory)}'
msg['To'] = ', '.join(args.recipients)
msg['From'] = args.sender
msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'
for filename in os.listdir(directory):
path = os.path.join(directory, filename)
if not os.path.isfile(path):
continue
# Guess the content type based on the file's extension. Encoding
# will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
# gzip'd or compressed files.
ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
# No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
# use a generic bag-of-bits type.
ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
msg.add_attachment(fp.read(),
maintype=maintype,
subtype=subtype,
filename=filename)
# Now send or store the message
if args.output:
with open(args.output, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(msg.as_bytes(policy=SMTP))
else:
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
以下是如何将上述MIME消息解压缩到文件目录中的示例：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files."""
import os
import email
import mimetypes
from email.policy import default
from argparse import ArgumentParser
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.
""")
parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', required=True,
help="""Unpack the MIME message into the named
directory, which will be created if it doesn't already
exist.""")
parser.add_argument('msgfile')
args = parser.parse_args()
with open(args.msgfile, 'rb') as fp:
msg = email.message_from_binary_file(fp, policy=default)
try:
os.mkdir(args.directory)
except FileExistsError:
pass
counter = 1
for part in msg.walk():
# multipart/* are just containers
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
continue
# Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
# email message can't be used to overwrite important files
filename = part.get_filename()
if not filename:
ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
if not ext:
# Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
ext = '.bin'
filename = f'part-{counter:03d}{ext}'
counter += 1
with open(os.path.join(args.directory, filename), 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=True))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
以下是如何使用备用纯文本版本创建 HTML 消息的示例。 为了让事情变得更有趣，我们在 html 部分中包含了一个相关的图像，我们保存了一份我们要发送的内容到硬盘中，然后发送它。
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import smtplib
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.headerregistry import Address
from email.utils import make_msgid
# Create the base text message.
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = "Pourquoi pas des asperges pour ce midi ?"
msg['From'] = Address("Pepé Le Pew", "pepe", "example.com")
msg['To'] = (Address("Penelope Pussycat", "penelope", "example.com"),
Address("Fabrette Pussycat", "fabrette", "example.com"))
msg.set_content("""\
Salut!
Cette recette [1] sera sûrement un très bon repas.
[1] http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718
--Pepé
""")
# Add the html version. This converts the message into a multipart/alternative
# container, with the original text message as the first part and the new html
# message as the second part.
asparagus_cid = make_msgid()
msg.add_alternative("""\
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<p>Salut!</p>
<p>Cette
<a href="http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718">
recette
</a> sera sûrement un très bon repas.
</p>
<img src="cid:{asparagus_cid}" />
</body>
</html>
""".format(asparagus_cid=asparagus_cid[1:-1]), subtype='html')
# note that we needed to peel the <> off the msgid for use in the html.
# Now add the related image to the html part.
with open("roasted-asparagus.jpg", 'rb') as img:
msg.get_payload()[1].add_related(img.read(), 'image', 'jpeg',
cid=asparagus_cid)
# Make a local copy of what we are going to send.
with open('outgoing.msg', 'wb') as f:
f.write(bytes(msg))
# Send the message via local SMTP server.
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
如果我们发送最后一个示例中的消息，这是我们可以处理它的一种方法：
import os
import sys
import tempfile
import mimetypes
import webbrowser
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email import policy
from email.parser import BytesParser
def magic_html_parser(html_text, partfiles):
"""Return safety-sanitized html linked to partfiles.
Rewrite the href="cid:...." attributes to point to the filenames in partfiles.
Though not trivial, this should be possible using html.parser.
"""
raise NotImplementedError("Add the magic needed")
# In a real program you'd get the filename from the arguments.
with open('outgoing.msg', 'rb') as fp:
msg = BytesParser(policy=policy.default).parse(fp)
# Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary, and any non-ASCII will
# be converted to unicode:
print('To:', msg['to'])
print('From:', msg['from'])
print('Subject:', msg['subject'])
# If we want to print a preview of the message content, we can extract whatever
# the least formatted payload is and print the first three lines. Of course,
# if the message has no plain text part printing the first three lines of html
# is probably useless, but this is just a conceptual example.
simplest = msg.get_body(preferencelist=('plain', 'html'))
print()
print(''.join(simplest.get_content().splitlines(keepends=True)[:3]))
ans = input("View full message?")
if ans.lower()[0] == 'n':
sys.exit()
# We can extract the richest alternative in order to display it:
richest = msg.get_body()
partfiles = {}
if richest['content-type'].maintype == 'text':
if richest['content-type'].subtype == 'plain':
for line in richest.get_content().splitlines():
print(line)
sys.exit()
elif richest['content-type'].subtype == 'html':
body = richest
else:
print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
sys.exit()
elif richest['content-type'].content_type == 'multipart/related':
body = richest.get_body(preferencelist=('html'))
for part in richest.iter_attachments():
fn = part.get_filename()
if fn:
extension = os.path.splitext(part.get_filename())[1]
else:
extension = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=extension, delete=False) as f:
f.write(part.get_content())
# again strip the <> to go from email form of cid to html form.
partfiles[part['content-id'][1:-1]] = f.name
else:
print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
sys.exit()
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False) as f:
f.write(magic_html_parser(body.get_content(), partfiles))
webbrowser.open(f.name)
os.remove(f.name)
for fn in partfiles.values():
os.remove(fn)
# Of course, there are lots of email messages that could break this simple
# minded program, but it will handle the most common ones.
直到输出提示，上面的输出是：
To: Penelope Pussycat <penelope@example.com>, Fabrette Pussycat <fabrette@example.com>
From: Pepé Le Pew <pepe@example.com>
Subject: Pourquoi pas des asperges pour ce midi ?
Salut!
Cette recette [1] sera sûrement un très bon repas.
备注